There are a few ways to consume Salvia divinorum. Some of Brett's earlier writings about his salvia experiences have been used to suggest that it made him think "existence in general is pointless.

Namespaces Article Talk. Stiefia Medik. The Boston Herald. Office of Diversion Control—U. Law Drug policy of the Netherlands Drug liberalization Legality of cannabis Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms Legal status of Salvia divinorum. A natural hybrid, Salvia. The common modern English name sage derives from Middle English sawge , which was borrowed from Old French sauge , and like the botanical name, stems from Latin salvere. The plant has a nondescript appearance; unlike many other drug plants, the leaves are non-descript, and without a detectable odour. Strain, Rep.

It is central to any investigation into the systematics , species distribution, or pollination biology of Salvia. Salvia is the largest genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae , with nearly species of shrubs , herbaceous perennials , and annuals. Retrieved from PolitickerNJ. Retrieved 17 March Rohrer, Finlo Regarding this, San Francisco attorney Alex Coolman has commented, "It's remarkable that Chidester's parents, and only Chidester's parents, continue to be cited over and over again by the mainstream media in their coverage of the supposed 'controversy' over the risks of Salvia divinorum. III Hanes, Karl R. Read this next.

August Table 2. Dujanovic, Debbie Dale Pendell expresses some concerns about the use of highly concentrated forms of salvia. Justice January Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Archived from the original PDF on The stamens are reduced to two short structures with anthers two-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. Sanchick, Myra

Vapor produced by a heat gun needs to be cooled by running it through a water pipe or cooling chamber before inhalation. KSL Editorial , Systematic studies in Salvia L. When the pollinator withdraws from the flower, the lever returns the stamens to their original position. They are ingested in different ways and produce different effects, which manifest themselves over different timescales. Fresh salvia leaves can be chewed, too. Viren, Sarah Other botanists have since offered modified versions of Bentham's classification system, while botanists in the last hundred years generally do not endorse Bentham's system. Schenk, S.

Salvia divinorum can be grown as an ordinary houseplant without the need of special equipment such as hydroponics or high-power lights. If you are growing the plant or have salvia in your home, consider this a drug to be kept from children and pets. Larnastyra Raf. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The curandero unrolled banana-leaf bundles of hand-sized Salvia divinorum leaves, slightly wilted, and sorted them into pairs Timber Press. Reboletti, Rep. These grades of potency may be roughly indicative of the relative concentration of the active principle , salvinorin A , but the measure should not be taken as absolute. Archived from the original on October 11, The leaves are typically entire, but sometimes toothed or pinnately divided.

Melinum Medik. For Leah Campbell, smoking pot isn't about getting high. Sisters of the Extreme. Salvia L. Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Pukateine. Its mechanism of action lies in strong and highly selective bonds to the kappa-opioid receptors or KORs. Grundmann Melligo Raf. Federal law allows two of these to be used in a spiritual context. Blosser, Brett.

Kiosmina Raf. Joe October Taxon , 66 1 , pp. It also showed that Salvia divinorum does not belong to the Salvia section Dusenostachys , as believed earlier. However, it only received 11 signatures. The likeliest explanations are inbreeding depression or hybridity. This enhanced or "fortified" leaf is described by a number followed by an x e. How much salvia is safe to ingest depends on what type of salvia you use.

A medic was standing by outside, but was never needed. Dujanovic, Debbie April The origin of Salvia divinorum is still a mystery, one of only three plants in the extensive genus Salvia approximately species with unknown origins—the other two are Salvia tingitana and Salvia buchananii. Story headlines may also include 'danger' keywords, such as "Dangerous Herb is Legal Federal law allows two of these to be used in a spiritual context. The curandero unrolled banana-leaf bundles of hand-sized Salvia divinorum leaves, slightly wilted, and sorted them into pairs Archived from the original on February 22, It is chemically unique, unlike shrooms or even DMT. Haskell, Meg

Not to be confused with Saliva. They laugh uncontrollably and have visions. Cannabidiol CBD oil, made from cannabis, is sometimes used for chronic pain. Ethnobotanist Daniel Siebert cautions that inhaling hot air can be irritating and potentially damaging to the lungs. It can be smoked on its own but often is combined with regular Mary Jane. The Salvia divinorum Defense Fund. How does salvia affect your body? Cont Sub-Salvia divinorum. Less commonly, some may ingest salvia in the form of a tincture. Tim

How salvinorin A, the active ingredient in salvia, impacts your brain is unclear. Melinum Medik. On the 28 January , the Psychoactive Substances Act was passed. Addy adds that salvia is powerful, but not particularly dangerous if treated with care; and due to its unique properties, it could teach us new things about the brain. This is administered sublingually , usually with the aid of a glass dropper. Concerns expressed by some politicians on the subject of salvia reflect those of the media, with comparisons to LSD and particular focus on " protecting our children " being echoed; [83] [] [] and with legislative proposals following soon after news stories breaking. If enough salvinorin A is absorbed, an altered state of consciousness can occur. Savannah Morning News. The reactions are varied, but often involve somebody spacing out, giggling tremendously, becoming incapacitated, stumbling about, or some combination of the above. Illinois General Assembly.

Royal Horticultural Society. New Scientist. Megyathus Raf. New York Times. Savannah Morning News. Vapor produced by a heat gun needs to be cooled by running it through a water pipe or cooling chamber before inhalation. However, the immense diversity in staminal structure, vegetative habit, and floral morphology of the species within Salvia has opened the debate about its infrageneric classifications. Erowid August Table 2. Waco Representative Charles Anderson R , who is sponsoring one of several bills to ban salvia in Texas.

Peterson, Sen. Shulgin, Alexander June Even worse, it could be something like spice. Justice January The Guardian. A friend put it best when she said after using salvia, she felt like she was a top that someone had spun. Scientific stock photography library of light microscope pictures and electron microscopy images featuring science and biomedical microscopy photos. Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.

Shulgin, Dr. Similar to many psychoactive herbs, Salvia divinorum synthesizes and excretes its active constituent salvinorin A via trichomes , of the peltate -glandular morphology , located just beneath the cuticle subcuticular layer. Those opposed to bill HR include Daniel Siebert, who sent a letter to Congress arguing against the proposed legislation, [] and the Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics CCLE , who sent key members of the US Congress a report on Salvia divinorum and its active principle, [16] along with letters from an array of scientists who expressed concern that scheduling Salvia divinorum would negatively impact important research on the plant. Schauer Salviastrum Scheele Aethyopys Benth. Ethnobotanist Daniel Siebert cautions that inhaling hot air can be irritating and potentially damaging to the lungs. Michigan Legislature. And a few could "feel" objects by looking at them. The experience, from the onset of effects, lasts from about 30 minutes up to one and a half hours. Salvia is a native Mexican plant known as one of the strongest psychedelic substances.

United States Department of Agriculture. Others claim musical inspiration from the plant. Walker and Sytsma also addressed the question of whether Salvia is truly polyphyletic or just paraphyletic within the tribe Mentheae. Salvia divinorum is native to the Sierra Mazateca in Oaxaca , Mexico, where it is still used by the Mazatec , primarily to facilitate shamanic visions in the context of curing or divination. Some of Brett's earlier writings about his salvia experiences have been used to suggest that it made him think "existence in general is pointless. Hematodes Raf. Archived from the original on October 11, The New York Times has reported that "in state after state San Francisco: Mercury House.

Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Codanthera Raf. Turner, D. CBS 4 Denver. They laugh uncontrollably and have visions. In Spain, there are controls focusing only on the commercial trade of Salvia divinorum , personal cultivation i. There's obviously a risk in people taking it. The lower lip typically has two lobes.

Pleudia Raf. This plant has been used in religious ceremonies by the Mazatec people of Mexico for centuries. Hemistegia Raf. Firoz was instead charged under a general Nebraskan statute where it is illegal to sell a product to induce an intoxicated condition. CBS News. Reason Magazine. A number of participants reported emotional changes: one-third said it made them happy, and four people described being scared. For example, the effects of salvia when smoked typically last for only a few minutes as compared to LSD, whose effects can persist for 8—12 hours. Global burden of disease and injury attributable to selected risk factors, Dennis January

Also unlike the classical psychedelics, Salvinorin A shows no binding affinity for any of the serotonin 5-HT receptors. Scientific stock photography library of light microscope pictures and electron microscopy images featuring science and biomedical microscopy photos. Coolman, Alex This is easy to do online. It also affected people's sense of what was real. Annals of Botany. These neuronal receptors are thought to be involved in interoception, pain sensing, mood and consciousness. In the film Hoffstad smokes salvia in a parked car his friends reportedly making sure he did not have the real keys. They usually mix these juices with water to create an infusion or ' tea ' which they drink to induce visions in ritual healing ceremonies. Some internet vendors will not sell live salvia cuttings, leaf, or leaf products to states where its use is restricted or prohibited.

Valdés, Leander J. The Miami Herald. Research on CBD oil for migraine is limited, but some evidence suggests that it may help relieve chronic or acute pain. Grundmann Are side effects or risks possible? The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center. Salvinicins A and B, new neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia divinorum. Although salvia is not regulated under the Controlled Substances Act, as of , it had been made illegal in 13 states.

Cannabidiol CBD oil, made from cannabis, is sometimes used for chronic pain. There is no active pollen tube inhibition within the style , but some event or process after the pollen tube reaches the ovary is aberrant. Indiana story includes online poll. Lizard Archived from the original PDF on Nebraska TV. Annals of Botany. Michael February

Wikispecies has information related to Salvia divinorum. Are dosage guidelines available? The lower lip typically has two lobes. Licorice root is an ancient herbal remedy that's commonly found in teas, supplements, and candies — but you may have heard that too much can have an…. From a scientific standpoint, says Addy, this is not a positive trend. Dweck, Anthony C. Retrieved from PolitickerNJ. Blooms occur when the day length becomes shorter than 12 hours beginning in mid-October in some places , necessitating a shade cloth in urban environments with exposure to light pollution HPS.

Retrieved 28 November Based on his own philosophy of classification, he wrote that he "ought to have formed five or six genera" out of Salvia. Berkeley: Transform Press. Not to be confused with Saliva. McNamara, Neal Issue 1. Piaradena Raf. A natural hybrid, Salvia. If enough salvinorin A is absorbed, an altered state of consciousness can occur. Reportedly, some months before this, Brett's mother Kathleen Chidester had learned about his salvia use and questioned him about it.

Florida story includes online poll. Main article: Legal status of Salvia divinorum. December The plant's partial sterility was suggestive of a hybrid origin, though no two parent species have been found with an obvious affinity to Salvia divinorum. Scientific stock photography library of light microscope pictures and electron microscopy images featuring science and biomedical microscopy photos. In March a Texas news report aired with the story "A legal drug that teenagers are now using to get high could soon be banned here in San Antonio - all because of a Fox News 4 investigation", going on to say, "The drug is legal in Texas, at least for now. Salvia divinorum was first documented in , but it was many years before botanists could identify the plant due to Mazatec secrecy about the growing sites. The salvia extracts may also be infused in drinks or vaporizer pens.

Retrieved 17 July Ott, Jonathan Reisfield, Aaron S. Siebert, Daniel. Lopez, Alan D April The 3-centimetre 1. Microgram Bulletin. The Resonance Project. Timber Press.

August If enough salvinorin A is absorbed, an altered state of consciousness can occur. Annals of Botany. Related topics. Alexander ; Ann Shulgin June Many countries control Salvia divinorum in some manner. Archived from the original on October 11, It also showed that Salvia divinorum does not belong to the Salvia section Dusenostachys , as believed earlier. The New York Times.

Aside from individual reported experiences there has been a limited amount of published work summarising salvia divinorum effects. Chalmers, Mike But does the secret to glowing skin really lie in CBD…. The video brought the spotlight of attention to this drug, and some state legislators began introducing laws restricting the sale and use of this plant. It consists of two stamens instead of the typical four found in other members of the tribe Mentheae and the two thecae on each stamen are separated by an elongate connective which enables the formation of the lever mechanism. Interest in Salvia divinorum has been escalating in the news media, particularly in the United States, where an increasing number of newspaper reports have been published and television news stories broadcast. It was long assumed that Salvia' s unusual pollination and stamen structure had evolved only once, and that therefore Salvia was monophyletic , meaning that all members of the genus evolved from one ancestor. Blosser, Brett. The Guardian.

The genus name, Salvia , was first used by Pliny for a plant that was likely Salvia officinalis common sage and is derived from the Latin salvere. Harrison, Kathleen In traditional Mazatec ritual, shamans use only fresh Salvia divinorum leaves. Many species are similar to each other, and many species have varieties that have been given different specific names. Retrieved 12 July Reportedly, some months before this, Brett's mother Kathleen Chidester had learned about his salvia use and questioned him about it. In both cases, these individuals said that the fear arose primarily from the fact that they had no control over the experience. Munro, Thomas A.

Its mechanism of action lies in strong and highly selective bonds to the kappa-opioid receptors or KORs. Salvia divinorum was first documented in , but it was many years before botanists could identify the plant due to Mazatec secrecy about the growing sites. Salvinorin A is capable of inhibiting excess intestinal motility e. Belospis Raf. Phytotherapy Research. Illinois General Assembly. CBS 3 Philadelphia. Salvia is a native Mexican plant known as one of the strongest psychedelic substances. For example, the effects of salvia when smoked typically last for only a few minutes as compared to LSD, whose effects can persist for 8—12 hours.

January View Larger Image. Salvia divinorum is usually propagated through vegetative reproduction. Clinical Toxicology. Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University. Salvia is potent, so small doses may produce hallucinogenic effects. The corollas are often claw shaped and are two-lipped. Timber Press.

Is salvia safe to ingest? Sisters of the Extreme. How does salvia affect your body? The calyx is normally tubular or bell shaped, without bearded throats, and divided into two parts or lips, the upper lip entire or three-toothed, the lower two-cleft. Ramona Greene Audibertiella Briq. Taxon , 66 1 , pp. Where individual state legislation does exist, it varies from state to state in its prohibitive degree. It's about managing the pain that accompanies her chronic condition and simply getting….

In Spain, there are controls focusing only on the commercial trade of Salvia divinorum , personal cultivation i. Timber Press. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Peterson, Sen. Worksop Today. Further information: Salvinorin A. This can result in reproductive isolation from the parental population and new speciation can occur. Wasson, R. Ramona Greene Audibertiella Briq.

Tompkins, Al Fenixanthes Raf. Przekop P; Lee T Chewing and swallowing a large number of fresh leaves is the other Mazatec method. Journal of Plant Research. See also the legal status of salvia in North Dakota and Nebraska. Dujanovic, Debbie Story headlines may also include 'danger' keywords, such as "Dangerous Herb is Legal

Researchers continue to study the drug to better understand its effects. Federal law allows two of these to be used in a spiritual context. Kathleen Chidester has continued campaigning for "Schedule I"-like legislation beyond their home state of Delaware. Salvia divinorum also known as sage of the diviners , ska maría pastora , seer's sage , yerba de la pastora or simply salvia is a plant species with transient psychoactive properties when its leaves are consumed by chewing, smoking or as a tea. The Entheogen Review. Globalization and Health. Although the Chidester story has been given continued exposure by US media, there has not been anywhere else, either before or since this controversial incident, any other reported cases involving or alleging Salvia divinorum as a serious factor in suicide, overdose, accidental, or any other kind of death. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. Michael February Journal of Natural Products.

Parliamentary Information Management Systems pims. It's also particularly intense, and unique: it evades comparison to any other kind of drug, he adds. He explained that after he said the invoking prayers and we stated aloud our intentions, I was to eat the leaves. San Francisco: Mercury House. In traditional Mazatec ritual, shamans use only fresh Salvia divinorum leaves. However, while LSD and salvinorin A may have comparative potencies, in the sense that both can produce their effects at low dosages, they are otherwise quite different. Indiana story includes online poll. Unlike many hallucinogens, salvia does not appear to affect levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Royal Horticultural Society. Reisfield, Aaron S. Salvia divinorum produces few viable seeds even when it does flower—no seeds have ever been observed on plants in the wild. BBC News. Wallace, Todd Kathleen Chidester has continued campaigning for "Schedule I"-like legislation beyond their home state of Delaware. Frontiers in Pharmacology. While he was clear about the integrity of the overall family, he was less confident about his organization of Salvia , the largest genus in Labiatae also called Lamiaceae. In , the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann , and ethnomycologist R.

Drugs and Chemicals of Concern. McNamara, Neal Don Aitopsis Raf. Salvia officinalis L. Doward, Jamie Estonia, Finland, Iceland and Norway treat it as a medicinal herb that requires a prescription. Unlike many hallucinogens, salvia does not appear to affect levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Giroud, C. Kunkel, Dennis This legislation was nicknamed Brett's law formally referred to as Senate bill

Other sources may use a system of color codes to form their own standards of potency; for example, "green", "yellow", and "red. June Archived from the original on October 17, It's also particularly intense, and unique: it evades comparison to any other kind of drug, he adds. Salvia changed the way people perceived their own bodies. For the species of salvia known for its psychoactive properties, see Salvia divinorum. Smith, Tracy Are side effects or risks possible? Sage Student; Daniel Siebert. In traditional Mazatec ritual, shamans use only fresh Salvia divinorum leaves.

At 5—10 minutes, less intense yet still noticeable effects typically persist, giving way to a returning sense of the everyday and familiar until back to baseline after about 15 to 20 minutes. Drug policy of the Netherlands Drug liberalization Legality of cannabis Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms Legal status of Salvia divinorum. All these reports come from people smoking an herb in the sage family called Salvia divinorum , commonly referred to as salvia. Overall extract potency will depend on the naturally varying strength of the untreated leaf used in preparing the extract, as well as the efficiency of the extraction process itself. Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies. Calosphace Raf. Botanists discovered it in the s. Check out these marijuana-based products that are perfect for people who want the benefits of cannabis for their chronic pain, without having to smoke. There have been as many as 2, named species and subspecies.

Blooms occur when the day length becomes shorter than 12 hours beginning in mid-October in some places , necessitating a shade cloth in urban environments with exposure to light pollution HPS. College Students Ages 18— Changes from to ". Sanchick, Myra It's also particularly intense, and unique: it evades comparison to any other kind of drug, he adds. Sherwell, Philip There, it has been used in traditional ceremonies by the Mazatec Indians for centuries. Blosser, Brett. Dry leaves can be smoked in a pipe, or through the use of a water pipe to cool the smoke. Although everyone is different, effects generally last between minutes.

However, salvinorin A is generally considered to be inactive when orally ingested, as salvinorin A is effectively deactivated by the gastrointestinal system. Sanchick, Myra Shulgin, Alexander June This article tells you all you need to know about shepherd's…. Today, many states have laws on the books that outlaw buying, possessing, or selling salvia. There are two commonly cultivated strains which are known to be distinct. Retrieved July 21, Smith, Tracy The flowers are produced in racemes , or panicles , and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red, with white and yellow less common. This is easy to do online.

Systematic studies in Salvia L. Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Pukateine. The New Book of Salvias. Euriples Raf Flipanta Raf. Epiadena Raf. There are two commonly cultivated strains which are known to be distinct. Legislation may prove difficult to enforce. Opinions range from veneration of the plant as a spiritual sacrament or "a gift from the gods", [21] [80] to 'threat to society', to be banned as quickly as possible in order to "spare countless families the horror of losing a loved one to the relentless tentacles of drug abuse". They associate it with the Virgin Mary, and believe ingesting salvia enables them to speak with her.

Where individual state legislation does exist, it varies from state to state in its prohibitive degree. Salvia might also have real potential to treat addiction, studies suggest, since in animals it appears to reduce cravings for substances like cocaine. They are ingested in different ways and produce different effects, which manifest themselves over different timescales. Piaradena Raf. Also unlike the classical psychedelics, Salvinorin A shows no binding affinity for any of the serotonin 5-HT receptors. Public Acts, , Chapter No. From a scientific standpoint, says Addy, this is not a positive trend. Grof, Stanislav Fall Some find that untreated dry leaf produces unnoticeable or only light effects.

If you know someone you trust who has used salvia in the past, ask them questions and carefully consider your position. Giroud, C. Archived from the original on February 22, Ethnobotanist Daniel Siebert cautions that inhaling hot air can be irritating and potentially damaging to the lungs. This article tells you all you need to know about shepherd's…. However, it only received 11 signatures. Sage: The Genus Salvia. On the 28 January , the Psychoactive Substances Act was passed. Related topics. Roth, Bryan L.

Rochester, Vermont: Healing Arts Press. Rhodochlamys S. Harding October Oboskon Raf. The likeliest explanations are inbreeding depression or hybridity. Tim Sage Student; Daniel Siebert. The two substances are not chemically similar or related, as salvinorin A is found naturally in a single plant while LSD is chemically semisynthesized from lysergamides like ergotamine. The Leaves of the Shepherdess.

Public Acts, , Chapter No. If you are growing the plant or have salvia in your home, consider this a drug to be kept from children and pets. In Russia, it is legal to possess, but not grow or sell. But once the effects wore off, they were fine, he says. Chalmers, Mike Views Read View source View history. The circumscription of individual species within Salvia has undergone constant revision. Archived from the original on September 30,

At 5—10 minutes, less intense yet still noticeable effects typically persist, giving way to a returning sense of the everyday and familiar until back to baseline after about 15 to 20 minutes. It has historical and medicinal value in native cultures as a visionary herb. Medically reviewed by Alan Carter, Pharm. Archived from the original on September 30, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. Opinions range from veneration of the plant as a spiritual sacrament or "a gift from the gods", [21] [80] to 'threat to society', to be banned as quickly as possible in order to "spare countless families the horror of losing a loved one to the relentless tentacles of drug abuse". View Larger Image. XII 4. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. Although salvia is not regulated under the Controlled Substances Act, as of , it had been made illegal in 13 states.

Calosphace Raf. Main article: Legal status of Salvia divinorum. Sisters of the Extreme. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. Epiadena Raf. United States Department of Agriculture. Rose, Sontaya Globalization and Health.

Parliament UK. This plant has been used in religious ceremonies by the Mazatec people of Mexico for centuries. Some find that untreated dry leaf produces unnoticeable or only light effects. The curandero unrolled banana-leaf bundles of hand-sized Salvia divinorum leaves, slightly wilted, and sorted them into pairs Justice June The Entheogens and Drug Policy Project. Many interspecific hybrids occur naturally, with a relatively high degree of crossability , but some such as Salvia. Unlike many hallucinogens, salvia does not appear to affect levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. July

Main article: List of Salvia species. Congressional campaigns comes from alcohol and tobacco industries. The act came into force on 26 May , across the entire United Kingdom, making salvia illegal to possess with intent to supply, possess on custodial premises, supply, import for human consumption, or produce for human consumption. Retrieved 17 March When it does bloom in its native habitat, it does so from September to May. Salvia divinorum is considered a Schedule 9 prohibited plant in Australia under the Poisons Standard October Sage Student; Daniel Siebert. April Shulgin Online".

The Miami Herald. Friedrich Vieweg dem aeltern, Berlin, Germany. Story headlines may also include 'danger' keywords, such as "Dangerous Herb is Legal Lopez, Alan D April Many people want to do this, however, which increases the risk of physical harm. In a local news report aired on ABC affiliate WJLA in Washington, DC on July 11, , the anchors are seen to exchange expressions of incredulity when referring to a salvia story with the following introduction "Now, an exclusive I-Team investigation of a hallucinogenic drug that has begun to sweep the nation. For the species of salvia known for its psychoactive properties, see Salvia divinorum. Salvia is potent, so small doses may produce hallucinogenic effects.

Salvinorin's potency should not be confused with toxicity. There are a few ways to consume Salvia divinorum. Larnastyra Raf. However, while LSD and salvinorin A may have comparative potencies, in the sense that both can produce their effects at low dosages, they are otherwise quite different. Licorice root is an ancient herbal remedy that's commonly found in teas, supplements, and candies — but you may have heard that too much can have an…. Archived from the original on October 31, Namespaces Article Talk. Modern methods of ingestion include smoking or chewing the leaf, or using a tincture , as described in the following sections. Brett said that he had ceased his experimentation, but his parents did not believe that he was telling the truth.